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User Commands cdrw(1)
NAME
cdrw - CD read and write
SYNOPSIS
cdrw -i [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [image-file]
cdrw -a [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [-T audio-type]
audio-file1 [audio-file2...]
cdrw -x [-v] [-d device] [-T audio-type] track-number out-
file
cdrw -c [-vSC] [-d device] [-p speed] [-m tmp-dir] [-s src-
device]
cdrw -b [-v] [-d device] all | session | fast
cdrw -L [-v] [-d device]
cdrw -M [-v] [-d device]
cdrw -l [-v]
cdrw -h
DESCRIPTION
The cdrw command provides the ability to create data and
audio CDs. This command also provides the ability to extract
audio tracks from an audio CD and to create data DVDs. The
CD or DVD device must be MMC-compliant to create a CD or DVD
with the cdrw command.
cdrw searches for a CD or DVD writer connected to the sys-
tem, unless you specify a device with the -d option. If cdrw
finds a single such device, it uses that device as the
default CD or DVD writer for the command.
When more than one CD or DVD writer is connected to the sys-
tem, use the -d option to indicate which device is desired.
The device name can be specified in one of the following
ways: /dev/rdsk/cNtNdNsN, cNtNdNsN, cNtNdN, or a name used
by volume manager, such as cdrom or cdrom1. Using the -l
option provides a list of CD or DVD writers.
For instructions on adding a USB-mass-storage-class-
compliant CD-RW or DVD-RW device to your system, see
scsa2usb(7D).
Creating Data CDs
When creating data CDs, cdrw uses the Track-At-Once mode of
writing. Use the -i option to specify a file that contains
the data to write on CD media. If you don't specify this
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 1
User Commands cdrw(1)
option, cdrw reads data from standard input.
In either case, the data is typically prepared by using the
mkisofs command to convert the file and file information
into the High Sierra format used on CDs. See the examples
that include use of this command.
Creating Data DVDs
cdrw can create single-session data DVDs on DVD+RW or DVD-RW
devices using images generated from mkisofs. These disks can
be mounted as HSFS file systems. When making data DVDs, cdrw
uses Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode of writing, which closes the
media when writing is completed and prevents any further
sessions from being added. The image should be prepared in
advance when writing an image to the DVD media since DAO
mode requires that the size of the image be known in
advance.
Creating Audio CDs
Use the -a option to create an audio CD. Single or multiple
audio files can be specified with this option. All of the
audio files should be in a supported audio format. Currently
approved formats are:
sun Sun .au files with data in Red Book CDDA form
wav RIFF (.wav) files with data in Red Book CDDA form
cda .cda files having raw CD audio data (that is, 16
bit PCM stereo at 44.1 KHz sample rate in little-
endian byte order)
aur .aur files having raw CD data in big-endian byte
order
If no audio format is specified, cdrw tries to identify the
audio file format based on the file extension. The case of
the characters in the extension is ignored. If a format is
specified using the -T option, it is assumed to be the audio
file type for all the files specified. Also, using the -c
option closes the session after writing the audio tracks.
Therefore, the tracks to be written should be specified in a
single command line.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 2
User Commands cdrw(1)
Extracting Audio
cdrw can also be used for extracting audio data from an
audio CD with the -x option. The CD should have tracks in
Red Book CDDA form. By default, the output format is based
on the file extension. A user can specify a sun, wav, cda,
or aur output format with the -T option.
Copying CDs
cdrw can be used to copy single session data CD-ROMs and Red
Book audio CDs. When copying a CD, cdrw looks for a speci-
fied source device. If no source device is specified when
using the -c option, the current CD writer is assumed to be
the source. cdrw extracts the track or tracks into a tem-
porary file and looks for a blank writable CD-R/RW media in
the current CD writer. If no media is found, insert a blank
writable CD media in the current CD writer. If the default
temporary directory does not have enough space, an alternate
directory can be specified by using the -m option.
Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
Users have to erase the CD-RW media before it can be rewrit-
ten. With the -b option, the following flavors of erasing
are currently supported:
session Erases the last session.
fast Minimally erases the media.
all Erases the entire media.
If the session erasing type is used, cdrw erases the last
session. If there is only one session recorded on the CD-RW
(for example, a data or audio CD-RW created by this tool),
then session erasing only erases the portion that is
recorded, leaving behind a blank disk. This is faster than
erasing the entire media. For DVD media, using the -b ses-
sion erases the whole media.
The fast erasing type minimally erases the entire media by
removing the PMA and TOC of the first session. It does not
erase the user data and subsequent tracks on the media, but
the media is treated as if it were a blank disk. If a com-
plete erase is of the media is necessary, use the all
option.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 3
User Commands cdrw(1)
The all erasing type should be used if it is a multisession
disk, the last session is not closed, or disk status is
unknown, and you want to erase the disk. With this type of
erasing, cdrw erases the entire disk.
DVD+RW media does not support erasing. To re-use DVD+RW
media, simply write a new image onto the media. cdrw formats
and overwrites the existing media automatically.
Checking device-list or media-status
You can list a system's CD or DVD writers by using the -l
option. Also, for a particular media, you can get the blank-
ing status and table of contents by using the -M option. The
-M option also prints information about the last session's
start address and the next writable address. This informa-
tion, along with the -O option, can be used to create mul-
tisession CDs. Refer to mkisofs(1M) in the SUNWfsman package
(not a SunOS man page) for more information.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Creates an audio disk. At least one audio-file name
must be specified. A CD can not have more than 99
audio tracks, so no more than 99 audio files can be
specified. Also, the maximum audio data that can be
written to the media by default is 74 minutes,
unless -C is specified.
-b Blanks CD-RW or DVD-RW media. The type of erasing
must be specified by the all, fast, or session
argument. DVD+RW media does not support blanking,
but can be rewritten without the need for blanking.
-c Copies a CD. If no other argument is specified, the
default CD writing device is assumed to be the
source device as well. In this case, the copy
operation reads the source media into a temporary
directory and prompts you to place a blank media
into the drive for the copy operation to proceed.
-C Uses stated media capacity. Without this option,
cdrw uses a default value for writable CD media,
which is 74 minutes for an audio CD, 681984000
bytes for a data CD, or 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 4
User Commands cdrw(1)
-d Specifies the CD or DVD writing device.
-h Help. Prints usage message.
-i Specifies the image file for creating data CDs or
DVDs. The file size should be less than what can be
written on the media. Also, consider having the
file locally available instead of having the file
on an NFS-mounted file system. The CD writing pro-
cess expects data to be available continuously
without interruptions.
-l Lists all the CD or DVD writers available on the
system.
-L Closes the disk. If the media was left in an open
state after the last write operation, it is closed
to prevent any further writing. This operation can
only be done on re-writable CD-RW media.
-m Uses an alternate temporary directory instead of
the default temporary directory for storing track
data while copying a CD or DVD. An alternate tem-
porary directory might be required because the
amount of data on a CD can be huge. For example,
the amount of data can be as much as 800 Mbytes for
an 80 minute audio CD and 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD. The
default temporary directory might not have that
much space available.
-M Reports media status. cdrw reports if the media is
blank or not, its table of contents, the last
session's start address, and the next writable
address if the disk is open. DVD+RW does not sup-
port erasing and always has some content on the
media.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 5
User Commands cdrw(1)
-O Keeps the disk open. cdrw closes the session, but
it keeps the disk open so that another session can
be added later on to create a multisession disk.
-p Sets the CD writing speed. For example, -p 4 sets
the speed to 4X. If this option is not specified,
cdrw uses the default speed of the CD writer. If
this option is specified, cdrw tries to set the
drive write speed to this value, but there is no
guarantee of the actual speed that is used by the
drive.
-s Specifies the source device for copying a CD or
DVD.
-S Simulation mode. In this mode, cdrw operates with
the drive laser turned off, so nothing is written
to the media. Use this option to verify if the sys-
tem can provide data at a rate good enough for CD
writing.
-T Audio format to use for extracting audio files or
for reading audio files for audio CD creation. The
audio-type can be sun, wav, cda, or aur.
-v Verbose mode.
-x Extracts audio data from an audio track.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Creating a Data CD or DVD
example% cdrw -i /local/iso_image
Example 2: Creating a CD or DVD from a Directory
This example shows how to create a CD or DVD from the direc-
tory tree /home/foo.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 6
User Commands cdrw(1)
example% mkisofs -r /home/foo 2>/dev/null | cdrw -i -p 1
Example 3: Extracting an Audio Track Number
This example shows how to extract audio track number 1 to
/home/foo/song1.wav.
example% cdrw -x -T wav 1 /home/foo/song1.wav
Example 4: Using wav Files
This example shows how to create an audio CD from wav files
on disk.
example% cdrw -a song1.wav song2.wav song3.wav song4.wav
Example 5: Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
This example shows how to erase rewritable media.
example% cdrw -b all
Example 6: Creating a Data CD or DVD with Multiple Drives
This example shows how to create a data CD or DVD on a sys-
tem with multiple CD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW drives.
example% cdrw -d c1t6d0s2 -i /home/foo/iso-image
Example 7: Checking Data Delivery Rate
This example shows how to verify that the system can provide
data to a CD-RW or a DVD drive at a rate sufficient for the
write operation.
example% cdrw -S -i /home/foo/iso-image
Example 8: Running at a Higher Priority
This example shows how to run cdrw at a higher priority (for
root user only).
example# priocntl -e -p 60 cdrw -i /home/foo/iso-image
Example 9: Creating a Multi-session Disk
This examples shows how to create the first session image by
using mkisofs and recording it onto the disk without closing
the disk.
example% cdrw -O -i /home/foo/iso-image
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 7
User Commands cdrw(1)
Additional sessions can be added to an open disk by creating
an image with mkisofs using the session start and next writ-
able address reported by cdrw.
example% cdrw -M
Track No. |Type |Start address
----------+--------+-------------
1 |Data | 0
Leadout |Data | 166564
Last session start address: 162140
Next writable address: 173464
example% mkisofs -o /tmp/image2 -r -C 0,173464 -M /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 /home/foo
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcdrw |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
audioconvert(1), priocntl(1), attributes(5), rbac(5),
scsa2usb(7D), sd(7D)
mkisofs(1M) in the SUNWsfman package.
System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems
NOTES
The CD writing process requires data to be supplied at a
constant rate to the drive. Keep I/O activity to a minimum
and shut down any related I/O applications while writing
CDs.
When making copies or extracting audio tracks, use an MMC
compliant source CD-ROM drive. The CD writer can be used for
this purpose.
Before writing a CD, ensure that the media is blank by using
the -M option. You can use the -S simulation mode to test
the system to make sure it can provide data at the required
rate. cdrw turns on buffer underrun protection for drives
that support it and recovers from most stalls. If the system
is not able to provide data at a constant rate or frequent
stalling occurs, you can lower the speed by using the -p
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 8
User Commands cdrw(1)
option. You can also try to run cdrw at a higher priority by
using the priocntl(1) command.
If you know that the CD-R/RW drive can operate at different
write speeds, use the -p option. Some commercially available
drives handle the drive speed setting command differently,
so use this option judiciously.
Most commercially available drives allow writing beyond 74
minutes as long as the media has the capacity (such as 80-
minute media). However, the ability to write beyond 74
minutes might not be supported by the drive in use. If the
drive supports this feature, then use the -C option to indi-
cate that the tool should rely on the capacity indicated by
the media.
The cdrw command uses rbac(5) to control user access to the
devices. By default, cdrw is accessible to all users but can
be restricted to individual users. Refer to the System
Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems for more
information.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 10 Feb 2005 9
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