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User Commands cd(1)
NAME
cd, chdir, pushd, popd, dirs - change working directory
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/cd [directory]
sh
cd [argument]
chdir [argument]
csh
cd [dir]
chdir [dir]
pushd [+n | dir]
popd [+ n]
dirs [-l]
ksh
cd [-L] [-P] [arg]
cd old new
DESCRIPTION
/usr/bin/cd
The /usr/bin/cd utility changes the current directory in the
context of the cd utility only. This is in contrast to the
version built into the shell. /usr/bin/cd has no effect on
the invoking process but can be used to determine whether or
not a given directory can be set as the current directory.
sh
The Bourne shell built-in cd changes the current directory
to argument. The shell parameter HOME is the default argu-
ment. The shell parameter CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing argument. Alternative directory
names are separated by a colon (:). The default path is
<null> (specifying the current directory). The current
directory is specified by a null path name, which can appear
immediately after the equal sign or between the colon delim-
iters anywhere else in the path list. If argument begins
with `/', `.', or `.. ', the search path is not used. Other-
wise, each directory in the path is searched for argument.
cd must have execute (search) permission in argument.
Because a new process is created to execute each command, cd
would be ineffective if it were written as a normal command;
therefore, it is recognized by and is internal to the shell.
(See pwd(1), sh(1), and chdir(2)).
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Jul 2004 1
User Commands cd(1)
chdir is just another way to call cd.
csh
If dir is not specified, the C shell built-in cd uses the
value of shell parameter HOME as the new working directory.
If dir specifies a complete path starting with ` / ', ` . ',
or ` .. ', dir becomes the new working directory. If neither
case applies, cd tries to find the designated directory
relative to one of the paths specified by the CDPATH shell
variable. CDPATH has the same syntax as, and similar seman-
tics to, the PATH shell variable. cd must have execute
(search) permission in dir. Because a new process is created
to execute each command, cd would be ineffective if it were
written as a normal command; therefore, it is recognized by
and is internal to the C-shell. (See pwd(1), sh(1), and
chdir(2)).
chdir changes the shell's working directory to directory
dir. If no argument is given, change to the home directory
of the user. If dir is a relative pathname not found in the
current directory, check for it in those directories listed
in the cdpath variable. If dir is the name of a shell vari-
able whose value starts with a /, change to the directory
named by that value.
pushd pushes a directory onto the directory stack. With no
arguments, exchange the top two elements.
+n Rotate the n'th entry to the top of the stack and
cd to it.
dir Push the current working directory onto the stack
and change to dir.
popd pops the directory stack and cd to the new top direc-
tory. The elements of the directory stack are numbered from
0 starting at the top.
+n Discard the n'th entry in the stack.
dirs prints the directory stack, most recent to the left;
the first directory shown is the current directory. With the
-l argument, produce an unabbreviated printout; use of the ~
notation is suppressed.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Jul 2004 2
User Commands cd(1)
ksh
The Korn shell built-in cd command can be in either of two
forms. In the first form it changes the current directory to
arg. If arg is - the directory is changed to the previous
directory. The shell variable HOME is the default arg. The
environment variable PWD is set to the current directory. If
the PWD is changed, the OLDPWD environment variable shall
also be changed to the value of the old working directory,
that is, the current working directory immediately prior to
the call to change directory (cd). The shell variable CDPATH
defines the search path for the directory containing arg.
Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:).
The default path is null (specifying the current directory).
The current directory is specified by a null path name,
which can appear immediately after the equal sign or between
the colon delimiters anywhere else in the path list. If arg
begins with a ` / ', ` . ', or ` .. ', then the search path
is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is
searched for arg. If unsuccessful, cd attempts to change
directories to the pathname formed by the concatenation of
the value of PWD, a slash character, and arg.
-L Handles the operation dot-dot (..) logically. Sym-
bolic link components are not resolved before dot-
dot components are processed.
-P Handles the operand dot-dot physically. Symbolic
link components are resolved before dot-dot com-
ponents are processed.
If both -L and -P options are specified, the last option to
be invoked is used and the other is ignored. If neither -L
nor -P is specified, the operand is handled dot-dot logi-
cally.
The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the
string old in the current directory name, PWD and tries to
change to this new directory.
The cd command cannot be executed by rksh. Because a new
process is created to execute each command, cd would be
ineffective if it were written as a normal command; there-
fore, it is recognized by and is internal to the Korn shell.
(See pwd(1), sh(1), and chdir(2)).
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Jul 2004 3
User Commands cd(1)
directory An absolute or relative pathname of the
directory that becomes the new working
directory. The interpretation of a relative
pathname by cd depends on the CDPATH
environment variable.
OUTPUT
If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, an abso-
lute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
standard output as follows:
"%s\n", <new directory>
Otherwise, there is no output.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of cd: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of pathnames that
refer to directories. If the directory
operand does not begin with a slash ( / )
character, and the first component is not
dot or dot-dot, cd searches for directory
relative to each directory named in the
CDPATH variable, in the order listed. The
new working directory sets to the first
matching directory found. An empty string in
place of a directory pathname represents the
current directory. If CDPATH is not set, it
is treated as if it were an empty string.
HOME The name of the home directory, used when no
directory operand is specified.
OLDPWD A pathname of the previous working direc-
tory, used by cd-.
PWD A pathname of the current working directory,
set by cd after it has changed to that
directory.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Jul 2004 4
User Commands cd(1)
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned by cd:
0 The directory was successfully changed.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
csh(1), ksh(1), pwd(1), sh(1), chdir(2), attributes(5),
environ(5), standards(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Jul 2004 5
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