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User Commands ex(1)
NAME
ex - text editor
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/ex [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [file]] [-t tag]
[-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command] file...
/usr/xpg4/bin/ex [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [file]] [-
t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command]
file...
/usr/xpg6/bin/ex [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [file]] [-
t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command]
file...
DESCRIPTION
The ex utility is the root of a family of editors: ex and
vi. ex is a superset of ed(1), with the most notable exten-
sion being a display editing facility. Display based editing
is the focus of vi.
If you have a CRT terminal, you can wish to use a display
based editor; in this case see vi(1), which is a command
which focuses on the display-editing portion of ex.
If you have used ed you find that, in addition to having all
of the ed commands available, ex has a number of additional
features useful on CRT terminals. Intelligent terminals and
high speed terminals are very pleasant to use with vi. Gen-
erally, the ex editor uses far more of the capabilities of
terminals than ed does, and uses the terminal capability
data base (see terminfo(4)) and the type of the terminal you
are using from the environment variable TERM to determine
how to drive your terminal efficiently. The editor makes use
of features such as insert and delete character and line in
its visual command (which can be abbreviated vi) and which
is the central mode of editing when using the vi command.
The ex utility contains a number of features for easily
viewing the text of the file. The z command gives easy
access to windows of text. Typing ^D (CTRL-D) causes the
editor to scroll a half-window of text and is more useful
for quickly stepping through a file than just typing return.
Of course, the screen-oriented visual mode gives constant
access to editing context.
The ex utility gives you help when you make mistakes. The
undo (u) command allows you to reverse any single change
which goes astray. ex gives you a lot of feedback, normally
printing changed lines, and indicates when more than a few
lines are affected by a command so that it is easy to detect
when a command has affected more lines than it should have.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 1
User Commands ex(1)
The editor also normally prevents overwriting existing
files, unless you edited them, so that you do not acciden-
tally overwrite a file other than the one you are editing.
If the system (or editor) crashes, or you accidentally hang
up the telephone, you can use the editor recover command (or
-r file option) to retrieve your work. This gets you back to
within a few lines of where you left off.
The ex utility has several features for dealing with more
than one file at a time. You can give it a list of files on
the command line and use the next (n) command to deal with
each in turn. The next command can also be given a list of
file names, or a pattern as used by the shell to specify a
new set of files to be dealt with. In general, file names in
the editor can be formed with full shell metasyntax. The
metacharacter `%' is also available in forming file names
and is replaced by the name of the current file.
The editor has a group of buffers whose names are the ASCII
lower-case letters (a-z). You can place text in these named
buffers where it is available to be inserted elsewhere in
the file. The contents of these buffers remain available
when you begin editing a new file using the edit (e) com-
mand.
There is a command & in ex which repeats the last substitute
command. In addition, there is a confirmed substitute com-
mand. You give a range of substitutions to be done and the
editor interactively asks whether each substitution is
desired.
It is possible to ignore the case of letters in searches and
substitutions. ex also allows regular expressions which
match words to be constructed. This is convenient, for exam-
ple, in searching for the word ``edit'' if your document
also contains the word ``editor.''
ex has a set of options which you can set to tailor it to
your liking. One option which is very useful is the autoin-
dent option that allows the editor to supply leading white
space to align text automatically. You can then use ^D as a
backtab and space or tab to move forward to align new code
easily.
Miscellaneous useful features include an intelligent join
(j) command that supplies white space between joined lines
automatically, commands < and > which shift groups of lines,
and the ability to filter portions of the buffer through
commands such as sort.
OPTIONS
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 2
User Commands ex(1)
The following options are supported:
- | -s Suppresses all interactive user
feedback. This is useful when pro-
cessing editor scripts.
-l Sets up for editing LISP programs.
-L Lists the name of all files saved as
the result of an editor or system
crash.
-R Readonly mode. The readonly flag is
set, preventing accidental overwrit-
ing of the file.
-r file Edits file after an editor or system
crash. (Recovers the version of file
that was in the buffer when the
crash occurred.)
-t tag Edits the file containing the tag
and positions the editor at its
definition. It is an error to
specify more than one -t option.
-v Starts up in display editing state,
using vi. You can achieve the same
effect by typing the vi command
itself.
-V Verbose. When ex commands are read
by means of standard input, the
input is echoed to standard error.
This can be useful when processing
ex commands within shell scripts.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 3
User Commands ex(1)
-x Encryption option. Simulates the X
command and prompts the user for a
key. This key is used to encrypt and
decrypt text using the algorithm of
the crypt command. The X command
makes an educated guess to determine
whether text read in is encrypted or
not. The temporary buffer file is
encrypted also, using a transformed
version of the key typed in for the
-x option.
-wn Sets the default window size to n.
This is useful when using the editor
over a slow speed line.
-C Encryption option. Same as the -x
option, except that -C simulates the
C command. The C command is like the
X command, except that all text read
in is assumed to have been
encrypted.
+command | -c command Begins editing by executing the
specified editor command (usually a
search or positioning command).
/usr/xpg4/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
If both the -t tag and the -c command options are given,
the -t tag is processed first. That is, the file con-
taining the tag is selected by -t and then the command
is executed.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
file A path name of a file to be edited.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 4
User Commands ex(1)
USAGE
This section defines the ex states, commands, initializing
options, and scanning pattern formations.
ex States
Command Normal and initial state. Input prompted for
by ":". The line kill character cancels a
partial command.
Insert Entered by a, i, or c. Arbitrary text can be
entered. Insert state normally is terminated
by a line having only "." on it, or, abnor-
mally, with an interrupt.
Visual Entered by typing vi. Terminated by typing Q
or ^\ (Control-\).
ex Command Names and Abbreviations
Command Abbrevi- Command Abbrevi- Command Abbrevi-
Name ation Name ation Name ation
abbrev ab map set se
append a mark ma shell sh
args ar move m source so
change c next n substitute s
copy co number nu unabbrev unab
delete d preserve pre undo u
edit e print p unmap unm
file f put pu version ve
global g quit q visual vi
insert i read r write
w
join j recover rec xit x
list l rewind rew yank ya
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 5
User Commands ex(1)
Join Command Arguments
Join [range] j[oin][!] [count] [flags]
If count is specified:
/usr/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
If no address is specified, the join command behaves as
if 2addr were the current line and the current line plus
count (.,. + count). If one address is specified, the
join command behaves as if 2addr were the specified
address and the specified address plus count ( addr,
addr + count).
/usr/xpg4/bin/ex
If no address is specified, the join command behaves as
if 2addr were the current line and the current line plus
count -1 (.,. + count -1). If one address is specified,
the join command behaves as if 2addr were the specified
address and the specified address plus count -1 ( addr,
addr + count -1).
/usr/bin/ex, /usr/xpg4/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
If two or more addresses are specified, the join command
behaves as if an additional address, equal to the last
address plus count -1 (addr1, ..., lastaddr, lastaddr +
count -1), was specified. If this results in a second
address greater than the last line of the edit buffer,
it is corrected to be equal to the last line of the edit
buffer.
If no count is specified:
/usr/bin/ex, /usr/xpg4/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
If no address is specified, the join command behaves as
if 2addr were the current line and the next line (.,.
+1). If one address is specified, the join command
behaves as if 2addr were the specified address and the
next line ( addr, addr +1).
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 6
User Commands ex(1)
Additional ex Command Arguments
/usr/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
For the following ex commands, if count is specified, it
is equivalent to specifying an additional address to the
command. The additional address is equal to the last
address specified to the command (either explicitly or
by default) plus count-1. If this results in an address
greater than the last line of the edit buffer, it is
corrected to equal the last line of the edit buffer.
/usr/xpg4/bin/ex
For the following ex commands, if both a count and a
range are specified for a command that uses them, the
number of lines affected is taken from the count value
rather than the range. The starting line for the command
is taken to be the first line addressed by the range.
Abbreviate ab[brev] word rhs
Append [line]a[ppend][!]
Arguments ar[gs]
Change [range] c[hange][!] [count]
Change Directory chd[ir][!] [directory]; cd[!] [directory]
Copy [range] co[py] line [flags]; [range] t
line [flags]
Delete [range] d[elete] [buffer] [count] [flags]
Edit e[dit][!] [+line][file]; ex[!] [+line]
[file]
File f[ile] [file]
Global [range] g[lobal] /pattern/ [commands];
[range] v /pattern/ [commands]
Insert [line] i[nsert][!]
List [range] l[ist] [count] [flags]
Map map[!] [x rhs]
Mark [line] ma[rk] x; [line] k x
Move [range] m[ove] line
Next n[ext][!] [file ...]
Open [line] o[pen] /pattern/ [flags]
Preserve pre[serve]
Put [line] pu[t] [buffer]
Quit q[uit][!]
Read [line] r[ead][!] [file]
Recover rec[over] file
Rewind rew[ind][!]
Set se[t] [option[=[value]]...] [nooption...]
[option?...] [all]
Shell sh[ell]
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 7
User Commands ex(1)
Source so[urce] file
Suspend su[spend][!]; st[op][!]
Tag ta[g][!] tagstring
Unabbreviate una[bbrev] word
Undo u[ndo]
Unmap unm[ap][!] x
Visual [line] v[isual] [type] [count] [flags]
Write [range] w[rite][!] [>>] [file]; [range]
w[rite][!] [file]; [range] wq[!] [>>]
[file]
Write and Exit [range] x[it][!] [file]
Yank [range] ya[nk] [buffer] [count]
Adjust Window [line] z [type] [count] [flags]
Escape ! command [range]! command
Scroll EOF
Write Line Number [line] = [flags]
Execute @ buffer; * buffer
/usr/bin/ex, /usr/xpg4/bin/ex, /usr/xpg6/bin/ex
For the following ex commands, if count is specified, it
is equivalent to specifying an additional address to the
command. The additional address is equal to the last
address specified to the command (either explicitly or
by default) plus count-1. If this results in an address
greater than the last line of the edit buffer, it is
corrected to equal the last line of the edit buffer.
Number [range] nu[mber] [count] [flags]; [range]
| # [count]
[flags]
Print [range] p[rint] [count] [flags]
Substitute [range] s[ubstitute]
[/pattern/repl/[options] [count] [flags]]
Shift Left [range] < [count] [flags]
Shift Right [range] > [count] [flags]
Resubstitute [range] & [options] [count] [flags];
[range] s[ubstitute] [options] [count]
[flags]; [range] ~ [options] [count
[flags]
ex Commands
C forced encryption
X heuristic encryption
& resubst
CR print next
> rshift
< lshift
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 8
User Commands ex(1)
^D scroll
z window
! shell escape
ex Command Addresses
n line n
. current
$ last
+ next
- previous
+n n forward
% 1,$
/pat next with pat
?pat previous with pat
x-n n before x
x,y x through y
'x marked with x
" previous context
Initializing Options
EXINIT place set's here in environment variable
$HOME/.exrc editor initialization file
./.exrc editor initialization file
set x enable option x
set nox disable option x
set x=val give value val to option x
set show changed options
set all show all options
set x? show value of option x
Useful Options and Abbreviations
autoindent ai supply indent
autowrite aw write before changing files
directory pathname of directory for temporary
work files
exrc ex allow vi/ex to read the .exrc in
the current directory. This option
is set in the EXINIT shell variable
or in the .exrc file in the
$HOMEdirectory.
ignorecase ic ignore case of letters in scanning
list print ^I for tab, $ at end
magic treat . [ * special in patterns
modelines first five lines and last five
lines executed as vi/ex commands if
they are of the form ex:command: or
vi:command:
number nu number lines
paragraphs para macro names that start paragraphs
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 9
User Commands ex(1)
redraw simulate smart terminal
report informs you if the number of lines
modified by the last command is
greater than the value of the
report variable
scroll command mode lines
sections sect macro names that start sections
shiftwidth sw for < >, and input ^D
showmatch sm to ) and } as typed
showmode smd show insert mode in vi
slowopen slow stop updates during insert
term specifies to vi the type of termi-
nal being used (the default is the
value of the environment variable
TERM)
window visual mode lines
wrapmargin wm automatic line splitting
wrapscan ws search around end (or beginning) of
buffer
Scanning Pattern Formation
^ beginning of line
$ end of line
. any character
\< beginning of word
\> end of word
[str] any character in str
[^str] any character not in str
[xy] any character between x and y
* any number of preceding characters
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of ex: HOME, LANG,
LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, PATH,
SHELL, and TERM.
COLUMNS Override the system-selected horizontal
screen size.
EXINIT Determine a list of ex commands that are
executed on editor start-up, before reading
the first file. The list can contain multi-
ple commands by separating them using a
vertical-line (|) character.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 10
User Commands ex(1)
LINES Override the system-selected vertical screen
size, used as the number of lines in a
screenful and the vertical screen size in
visual mode.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
FILES
/var/tmp/Exnnnnn editor temporary
/var/tmp/Rxnnnnn named buffer temporary
/usr/lib/expreserve preserve command
/usr/lib/exrecover recover command
/usr/lib/exstrings error messages
/usr/share/lib/terminfo/* describes capabilities of
terminals
/var/preserve/login preservation directory
(where login is the user's
login)
$HOME/.exrc editor startup file
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 11
User Commands ex(1)
./.exrc editor startup file
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/ex
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/ex
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg6/bin/ex
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu6 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
ed(1), edit(1), grep(1), sed(1), sort(1), vi(1),
curses(3CURSES), term(4), terminfo(4), attributes(5),
environ(5), standards(5)
Solaris Advanced User's Guide
AUTHOR
The vi and ex utilities are based on software developed by
The University of California, Berkeley California, Computer
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 12
User Commands ex(1)
Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science.
NOTES
Several options, although they continue to be supported,
have been replaced in the documentation by options that fol-
low the Command Syntax Standard (see intro(1)). The - option
has been replaced by -s, a -r option that is not followed
with an option-argument has been replaced by -L, and +com-
mand has been replaced by -c command.
The message file too large to recover with -r option, which
is seen when a file is loaded, indicates that the file can
be edited and saved successfully, but if the editing session
is lost, recovery of the file with the -r option is not pos-
sible.
The z command prints the number of logical rather than phy-
sical lines. More than a screen full of output can result if
long lines are present.
File input/output errors do not print a name if the command
line -s option is used.
The editing environment defaults to certain configuration
options. When an editing session is initiated, ex attempts
to read the EXINIT environment variable. If it exists, the
editor uses the values defined in EXINIT, otherwise the
values set in $HOME/.exrc are used. If $HOME/.exrc does not
exist, the default values are used.
To use a copy of .exrc located in the current directory
other than $HOME, set the exrc option in EXINIT or
$HOME/.exrc. Options set in EXINIT can be turned off in a
local .exrc only if exrc is set in EXINIT or $HOME/.exrc. In
order to be used, .exrc in $HOME or the current directory
must fulfill these conditions:
o It must exist.
o It must be owned by the same userid as the real userid
of the process, or the process has appropriate
privileges.
o It is not writable by anyone other than the owner.
There is no easy way to do a single scan ignoring case.
The editor does not warn if text is placed in named buffers
and not used before exiting the editor.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 13
User Commands ex(1)
Null characters are discarded in input files and cannot
appear in resultant files.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Jun 2004 14
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