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User Commands history(1)
NAME
history, fc - process command history list
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/fc [-r] [-e editor] [ first [last]]
/usr/bin/fc -l [-nr] [ first [last]]
/usr/bin/fc -s [ old = new] [first]
csh
history [-hr] [n]
ksh
fc -e - [ old = new] [command]
fc -s [ old = new] [command]
fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [ first [last]]
DESCRIPTION
/usr/bin/fc
The fc utility lists or edits and reexecutes, commands pre-
viously entered to an interactive sh.
The command history list references commands by number. The
first number in the list is selected arbitrarily. The rela-
tionship of a number to its command will not change except
when the user logs in and no other process is accessing the
list, at which time the system may reset the numbering to
start the oldest retained command at another number (usually
1). When the number reaches the value in HISTSIZE or 32767
(whichever is greater), the shell may wrap the numbers,
starting the next command with a lower number (usually 1).
However, despite this optional wrapping of numbers, fc will
maintain the time-ordering sequence of the commands. For
example, if four commands in sequence are given the numbers
32 766, 32 767, 1 (wrapped), and 2 as they are executed,
command 32 767 is considered the command previous to 1, even
though its number is higher.
When commands are edited (when the -l option is not speci-
fied), the resulting lines will be entered at the end of the
history list and then reexecuted by sh. The fc command that
caused the editing will not be entered into the history
list. If the editor returns a non-zero exit status, this
will suppress the entry into the history list and the com-
mand reexecution. Any command-line variable assignments or
redirection operators used with fc will affect both the fc
command itself as well as the command that results, for
example:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 1
User Commands history(1)
fc -s -- -1 2>/dev/null
reinvokes the previous command, suppressing standard error
for both fc and the previous command.
csh
Display the history list. If n is given, display only the n
most recent events.
-r Reverse the order of printout to be most recent
first rather than oldest first.
-h Display the history list without leading numbers.
This is used to produce files suitable for sourcing
using the -h option to the csh built-in command,
source(1).
History Substitution:
History substitution allows you to use words from previous
command lines in the command line you are typing. This sim-
plifies spelling corrections and the repetition of compli-
cated commands or arguments. Command lines are saved in the
history list, the size of which is controlled by the history
variable. The history shell variable may be set to the max-
imum number of command lines that will be saved in the his-
tory file, that is:
set history = 200
will allow the history list to keep track of the most recent
200 command lines. If not set, the C shell saves only the
most recent command.
A history substitution begins with a ! (although you can
change this with the histchars variable) and may occur any-
where on the command line; history substitutions do not
nest. The ! can be escaped with \ to suppress its special
meaning.
Input lines containing history substitutions are echoed on
the terminal after being expanded, but before any other sub-
stitutions take place or the command gets executed.
Event Designators:
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry
in the history list.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 2
User Commands history(1)
! Start a history substitu-
tion, except when followed
by a space character, tab,
newline, = or (.
!! Refer to the previous com-
mand. By itself, this sub-
stitution repeats the previ-
ous command.
!n Refer to command line n.
!-n Refer to the current command
line minus n.
!str Refer to the most recent
command starting with str.
!?str? Refer to the most recent
command containing str.
!?str? additional Refer to the most recent
command containing str and
append additional to that
referenced command.
!{command} additional Refer to the most recent
command beginning with com-
mand and append additional
to that referenced command.
^previous_word^replacement^ Repeat the previous command
line replacing the string
previous_word with the
string replacement. This is
equivalent to the history
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 3
User Commands history(1)
substitution:
Repeat the previous command
line replacing the string
previous_word with the
string replacement. This is
equivalent to the history
substitution:
!:s/previous_word/replacement/.
To re-execute a specific
previous command and make
such a substitution, say,
re-executing command #6:
!:6s/previous_word/replacement/.
Word Designators:
A `:' (colon) separates the event specification from the
word designator. 2It can be omitted if the word designator
begins with a ^, $, *, - or %. If the word is to be selected
from the previous command, the second ! character can be
omitted from the event specification. For instance, !!:1 and
!:1 both refer to the first word of the previous command,
while !!$ and !$ both refer to the last word in the previous
command. Word designators include:
# The entire command line typed so far.
0 The first input word (command).
n The n'th argument.
^ The first argument, that is, 1.
$ The last argument.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 4
User Commands history(1)
% The word matched by (the most recent) ?s
search.
x-y A range of words; -y abbreviates 0-y.
* All the arguments, or a null value if there
is just one word in the event.
x* Abbreviates x-$.
x- Like x* but omitting word $.
Modifiers:
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence
of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by
a :.
h Remove a trailing pathname com-
ponent, leaving the head.
r Remove a trailing suffix of the form
`.xxx', leaving the basename.
e Remove all but the suffix, leaving
the extension.
s/oldchars/replacements/Substitute replacements for old-
chars. oldchars is a string that may
contain embedded blank spaces,
whereas previous_word in the event
designator may not.
^oldchars^replacements^
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 5
User Commands history(1)
t Remove all leading pathname com-
ponents, leaving the tail.
& Repeat the previous substitution.
g Apply the change to the first
occurrence of a match in each word,
by prefixing the above (for example,
g&).
p Print the new command but do not
execute it.
q Quote the substituted words, escap-
ing further substitutions.
x Like q, but break into words at each
space character, tab or newline.
Unless preceded by a g, the modification is applied only to
the first string that matches oldchars. An error results if
no string matches.
The left-hand side of substitutions are not regular expres-
sions, but character strings. Any character can be used as
the delimiter in place of /. A backslash quotes the delim-
iter character. The character &, in the right hand side, is
replaced by the text from the left-hand-side. The & can be
quoted with a backslash. A null oldchars uses the previous
string either from a oldchars or from a contextual scan
string s from !?s. You can omit the rightmost delimiter if a
newline immediately follows replacements; the rightmost ? in
a context scan can similarly be omitted.
Without an event specification, a history reference refers
either to the previous command, or to a previous history
reference on the command line (if any).
ksh
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 6
User Commands history(1)
Using fc, in the form of
fc -e - [old=new] [command],
or
fc -s [old=new] [command],
the command is re-executed after the substitution old=new is
performed. If there is not a command argument, the most
recent command typed at this terminal is executed.
Using fc in the form of
fc [-e ename] [-nlr ] [first [last]],
a range of commands from first to last is selected from the
last HISTSIZE commands that were typed at the terminal. The
arguments first and last may be specified as a number or as
a string. A string is used to locate the most recent command
starting with the given string. A negative number is used as
an offset to the current command number. If the -l flag is
selected, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
wise, the editor program -e name is invoked on a file con-
taining these keyboard commands. If ename is not supplied,
then the value of the variable FCEDIT (default /bin/ed) is
used as the editor. When editing is complete, the edited
command(s) is executed. If last is not specified, it will be
set to first. If first is not specified, the default is the
previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The flag
-r reverses the order of the commands and the flag -n
suppresses command numbers when listing. (See ksh(1) for
more about command line editing.)
HISTFILE If this variable is set when the shell is
invoked, then the value is the pathname of
the file that will be used to store the com-
mand history.
HISTSIZE If this variable is set when the shell is
invoked, then the number of previously
entered commands that are accessible by this
shell will be greater than or equal to this
number. The default is 128.
Command Re-entry:
The text of the last HISTSIZE (default 128) commands entered
from a terminal device is saved in a history file. The file
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 7
User Commands history(1)
$HOME/.sh_history is used if the HISTFILE variable is not
set or if the file it names is not writable. A shell can
access the commands of all interactive shells which use the
same named HISTFILE. The special command fc is used to list
or edit a portion of this file. The portion of the file to
be edited or listed can be selected by number or by giving
the first character or characters of the command. A single
command or range of commands can be specified. If you do not
specify an editor program as an argument to fc then the
value of the variable FCEDIT is used. If FCEDIT is not
defined then /bin/ed is used. The edited command(s) is
printed and re-executed upon leaving the editor. The editor
name - is used to skip the editing phase and to re-execute
the command. In this case a substitution parameter of the
form old=new can be used to modify the command before execu-
tion. For example, if r is aliased to 'fc -e - ' then typ-
ing `r bad=good c' will re-execute the most recent command
which starts with the letter c, replacing the first
occurrence of the string bad with the string good.
Using the fc built-in command within a compound command will
cause the whole command to disappear from the history file.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-e editor Uses the editor named by editor to edit the
commands. The editor string is a utility
name, subject to search via the PATH vari-
able. The value in the FCEDIT variable is
used as a default when -e is not specified.
If FCEDIT is null or unset, ed will be used
as the editor.
-l (The letter ell.) Lists the commands rather
than invoking an editor on them. The com-
mands will be written in the sequence indi-
cated by the first and last operands, as
affected by -r, with each command preceded
by the command number.
-n Suppresses command numbers when listing with
-l.
-r Reverses the order of the commands listed
(with -l ) or edited (with neither -l nor
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 8
User Commands history(1)
-s).
-s Re-executes the command without invoking an
editor.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
first Selects the commands to list or edit. The number of
last previous commands that can be accessed is deter-
mined by the value of the HISTSIZE variable. The
value of first or last or both will be one of the
following:
[+]number A positive number representing a
command number. Command numbers can
be displayed with the -l option.
-number A negative decimal number
representing the command that was
executed number of commands previ-
ously. For example, -1 is the
immediately previous command.
string A string indicating the most
recently entered command that
begins with that string. If the
old=new operand is not also speci-
fied with -s, the string form of
the first operand cannot contain an
embedded equal sign.
When the synopsis form with -s is
used:
o If first is omitted, the pre-
vious command will be used.
For the synopsis forms without -s :
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 9
User Commands history(1)
o If last is omitted, last
defaults to the previous com-
mand when -l is specified;
otherwise, it defaults to
first.
o If first and last are both
omitted, the previous 16 com-
mands will be listed or the
previous single command will
be edited (based on the -l
option).
o If first and last are both
present, all of the commands
from first to last will be
edited (without -l ) or listed
(with -l). Editing multiple
commands will be accomplished
by presenting to the editor
all of the commands at one
time, each command starting on
a new line. If first
represents a newer command
than last, the commands will
be listed or edited in reverse
sequence, equivalent to using
-r. For example, the following
commands on the first line are
equivalent to the correspond-
ing commands on the second:
fc -r 10 20 fc 30 40
fc 20 10 fc -r 40 30
o When a range of commands is
used, it will not be an error
to specify first or last
values that are not in the
history list. fc will substi-
tute the value representing
the oldest or newest command
in the list, as appropriate.
For example, if there are only
ten commands in the history
list, numbered 1 to 10:
fc -l
fc 1 99
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 10
User Commands history(1)
will list and edit, respec-
tively, all ten commands.
old=new Replace the first occurrence of
string old in the commands to be
reexecuted by the string new.
OUTPUT
When the -l option is used to list commands, the format of
each command in the list is as follows:
"%d\t%s\n", <line number>, <command>
If both the -l and -n options are specified, the format of
each command is:
"\t%s\n", <command>
If the commandcommand consists of more than one line, the
lines after the first are displayed as:
"\t%s\n", <continued-command>
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Using history and fc
csh ksh
% history $ fc -l
1 cd /etc 1 cd /etc
2 vi passwd 2 vi passwd
3 date 3 date
4 cd 4 cd
5 du . 5 du .
6 ls -t 6 ls -t
7 history 7 fc -l
% !d $ fc -e - d
du . du .
262 ./SCCS 262 ./SCCS
336 . 336 .
% !da $ fc -e - da
Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994 Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 11
User Commands history(1)
% $ alias \!='fc -e -'
% !! $ !
date alias ='fc -e -'
Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of fc: LC_CTYPE,
LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
FCEDIT This variable, when expanded by the shell,
determines the default value for the -e edi-
tor option's editor option-argument. If
FCEDIT is null or unset, ed(1) will be used
as the editor.
HISTFILE Determine a pathname naming a command his-
tory file. If the HISTFILE variable is not
set, the shell may attempt to access or
create a file .sh_history in the user's home
directory. If the shell cannot obtain both
read and write access to, or create, the
history file, it will use an unspecified
mechanism that allows the history to operate
properly. (References to history ``file'' in
this section are understood to mean this
unspecified mechanism in such cases.) fc may
choose to access this variable only when
initializing the history file; this initial-
ization will occur when fc or sh first
attempt to retrieve entries from, or add
entries to, the file, as the result of com-
mands issued by the user, the file named by
the ENV variable, or a system startup file
such as /etc/profile. (The initialization
process for the history file can be depen-
dent on the system startup files, in that
they may contain commands that will effec-
tively preempt the user's settings of HIST-
FILE and HISTSIZE. For example, function
definition commands are recorded in the his-
tory file, unless the set -o nolog option is
set. If the system administrator includes
function definitions in some system startup
file called before the ENV file, the history
file will be initialized before the user
gets a chance to influence its
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 12
User Commands history(1)
characteristics.) The variable HISTFILE is
accessed initially when the shell is
invoked. Any changes to HISTFILE will not
take effect until another shell is invoked.
HISTSIZE Determine a decimal number representing the
limit to the number of previous commands
that are accessible. If this variable is
unset, an unspecified default greater than
or equal to 128 will be used. The variable
HISTSIZE is accessed initially when the
shell is invoked. Any changes to HISTSIZE
will not take effect until another shell is
invoked.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion of the listing.
>0 An error occurred.
Otherwise, the exit status will be that of the commands exe-
cuted by fc.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
csh(1), ed(1), ksh(1), set(1), set(1F), sh(1), source(1),
attributes(5), environ(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 17 Jul 2002 13
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