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User Commands ln(1)
NAME
ln - make hard or symbolic links to files
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/ln [-fns] source_file [target]
/usr/bin/ln [-fns] source_file... target
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln [-fs] source_file [target]
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln [-fs] source_file... target
DESCRIPTION
In the first synopsis form, the ln utility creates a new
directory entry (link) for the file specified by
source_file, at the destination path specified by target. If
target is not specified, the link is made in the current
directory. This first synopsis form is assumed when the
final operand does not name an existing directory; if more
than two operands are specified and the final is not an
existing directory, an error will result.
In the second synopsis form, the ln utility creates a new
directory entry for each file specified by a source_file
operand, at a destination path in the existing directory
named by target.
The ln utility may be used to create both hard links and
symbolic links. A hard link is a pointer to a file and is
indistinguishable from the original directory entry. Any
changes to a file are effective independent of the name used
to reference the file. Hard links may not span file systems
and may not refer to directories.
ln by default creates hard links. source_file is linked to
target. If target is a directory, another file named
source_file is created in target and linked to the original
source_file.
If target is an existing file and the -f option is not
specified, ln will write a diagnostic message to standard
error, do nothing more with the current source_file, and go
on to any remaining source_files.
A symbolic link is an indirect pointer to a file; its direc-
tory entry contains the name of the file to which it is
linked. Symbolic links may span file systems and may refer
to directories.
File permissions for target may be different from those
displayed with an -l listing of the ls(1) command. To
display the permissions of target, use ls -lL. See stat(2)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 1
User Commands ln(1)
for more information.
/usr/bin/ln
If /usr/bin/ln determines that the mode of target forbids
writing, it prints the mode (see chmod(1)), asks for a
response, and reads the standard input for one line. If the
response is affirmative, the link occurs, if permissible.
Otherwise, the command exits.
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln
When creating a hard link, and the source file is itself a
symbolic link, the target will be a hard link to the file
referenced by the symbolic link, not to the symbolic link
object itself (source_file).
OPTIONS
The following options are supported for both /usr/bin/ln and
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln:
-f Links files without questioning the user, even if
the mode of target forbids writing. This is the
default if the standard input is not a terminal.
-s Creates a symbolic link.
If the -s option is used with two arguments, target
may be an existing directory or a non-existent
file. If target already exists and is not a direc-
tory, an error is returned. source_file may be any
path name and need not exist. If it exists, it may
be a file or directory and may reside on a dif-
ferent file system from target. If target is an
existing directory, a file is created in directory
target whose name is source_file or the last com-
ponent of source_file. This file is a symbolic link
that references source_file. If target does not
exist, a file with name target is created and it is
a symbolic link that references source_file.
If the -s option is used with more than two argu-
ments, target must be an existing directory or an
error will be returned. For each source_file, a
link is created in target whose name is the last
component of source_file. Each new source_file is a
symbolic link to the original source_file. The
files and target may reside on different file sys-
tems.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 2
User Commands ln(1)
/usr/bin/ln
The following option is supported for /usr/bin/ln only:
-n If target is an existing file, writes a diagnostic
message to stderr and goes on to any remaining
source_files. The -f option overrides this option.
This is the default behavior for /usr/bin/ln and
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln, and is silently ignored.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
source_file A path name of a file to be linked. This can
be either a regular or special file. If the
-s option is specified, source_file can also
be a directory.
target The path name of the new directory entry to
be created, or of an existing directory in
which the new directory entries are to be
created.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ln
when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2
**31 bytes).
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of ln: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All the specified files were linked successfully
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 3
User Commands ln(1)
/usr/bin/ln
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/ln
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
chmod(1), ls(1), stat(2), attributes(5), environ(5), large-
file(5), standards(5)
NOTES
A symbolic link to a directory behaves differently than you
might expect in certain cases. While an ls(1) command on
such a link displays the files in the pointed-to directory,
entering ls -l displays information about the link itself:
example% ln -s dir link
example% ls link
file1 file2 file3 file4
example% ls -l link
lrwxrwxrwx 1 user 7 Jan 11 23:27 link -> dir
When you change to a directory (see cd(1)) through a sym-
bolic link, using /usr/bin/sh or /usr/bin/csh, you wind up
in the pointed-to location within the file system. This
means that the parent of the new working directory is not
the parent of the symbolic link, but rather, the parent of
the pointed-to directory. This will also happen when using
cd with the -P option from /usr/bin/ksh or /usr/xpg4/bin/sh.
For instance, in the following case, the final working
directory is /usr and not /home/user/linktest.
example% pwd
/home/user/linktest
example% ln -s /usr/tmp symlink
example% cd symlink
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 4
User Commands ln(1)
example% cd ..
example% pwd
/usr
C shell users can avoid any resulting navigation problems by
using the pushd and popd built-in commands instead of cd.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 5
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