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User Commands ls(1)
NAME
ls - list contents of directory
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstuvVx1@] [file...]
/usr/xpg4/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstuvVx1@]
[file...]
/usr/xpg6/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstuvVx1@]
[file...]
DESCRIPTION
For each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of
the directory. For each file that is an ordinary file, ls
repeats its name and any other information requested. The
output is sorted alphabetically by default. When no argument
is given, the current directory is listed. When several
arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted
appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories
and their contents.
There are three major listing formats. The default format
for output directed to a terminal is multi-column with
entries sorted down the columns. The -1 option allows single
column output and -m enables stream output format. In order
to determine output formats for the -C, -x, and -m options,
ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to determine the
number of character positions available on one output line.
If this variable is not set, the terminfo(4) database is
used to determine the number of columns, based on the
environment variable, TERM. If this information cannot be
obtained, 80 columns are assumed.
The mode printed when the -e, -E, -g, -l, -n, -o, -v, -V, or
-@ option is in effect consists of eleven characters. The
first character can be one of the following:
d The entry is a directory.
D The entry is a door.
l The entry is a symbolic link.
b The entry is a block special file.
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User Commands ls(1)
c The entry is a character special file.
p The entry is a FIFO (or "named pipe") special file.
P The entry is an event port.
s The entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket.
- The entry is an ordinary file.
The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three
bits each. The first set refers to the owner's permissions;
the next to permissions of others in the user-group of the
file; and the last to all others. Within each set, the three
characters indicate permission to read, to write, and to
execute the file as a program, respectively. For a direc-
tory, execute permission is interpreted to mean permission
to search the directory for a specified file. The character
after permissions is an ACL or extended attributes indica-
tor. This character is an @ if extended attributes are asso-
ciated with the file and the -@ option is in effect. Other-
wise, this character is a plus sign (+) character if a non-
trivial ACL is associated with the file or a space character
if not.
ls -l (the long list) prints its output as follows for the
POSIX locale:
-rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith dev 10876 May 16 9:42 part2
Reading from right to left, you see that the current direc-
tory holds one file, named part2. Next, the last time that
file's contents were modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16. The
file contains 10,876 characters, or bytes. The owner of the
file, or the user, belongs to the group dev (perhaps indi-
cating ``development''), and his or her login name is smith.
The number, in this case 1, indicates the number of links to
file part2 (see cp(1)). The plus sign indicates that there
is an ACL associated with the file. If the -@ option has
been specified, the presence of extended attributes super-
sede the presence of an ACL and the plus sign is replaced
with an 'at' sign (@). Finally, the dash and letters tell
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 2
User Commands ls(1)
you that user, group, and others have permissions to read,
write, and execute part2.
The execute (x) symbol here occupies the third position of
the three-character sequence. A - in the third position
would have indicated a denial of execution permissions.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
r The file is readable.
w The file is writable.
x The file is executable.
- The indicated permission is not granted.
s The set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is on, and the
corresponding user or group execution bit is also
on.
S Undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID or set-
group-id bit is on and the user or group execution
bit is off). For group permissions, this applies
only to non-regular files.
t The 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on (see
chmod(1)), and execution is on.
T The 1000 bit is turned on, and execution is off
(undefined bit-state).
/usr/bin/ls
l Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regu-
lar file, the set-group-ID bit is on and the group
execution bit is off).
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 3
User Commands ls(1)
/usr/xpg4/bin/ls and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
L Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regu-
lar file, the set-group-ID bit is on and the group
execution bit is off).
For user and group permissions, the third position is some-
times occupied by a character other than x or -. s or S also
can occupy this position, referring to the state of the
set-ID bit, whether it be the user's or the group's. The
ability to assume the same ID as the user during execution
is, for example, used during login when you begin as root
but need to assume the identity of the user you login as.
In the case of the sequence of group permissions, l can
occupy the third position. l refers to mandatory file and
record locking. This permission describes a file's ability
to allow other files to lock its reading or writing permis-
sions during access.
For others permissions, the third position can be occupied
by t or T. These refer to the state of the sticky bit and
execution permissions.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
/usr/bin/ls, /usr/xpg4/bin/ls, and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
The following options are supported for all three versions:
-a Lists all entries, including those that begin with
a dot (.), which are normally not listed.
-A Lists all entries, including those that begin with
a dot (.), with the exception of the working direc-
tory (.) and the parent directory (..).
-b Forces printing of non-printable characters to be
in the octal \ddd notation.
-c Uses time of last modification of the i-node (file
created, mode changed, and so forth) for sorting
(-t) or printing (-l or -n).
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 4
User Commands ls(1)
-C Multi-column output with entries sorted down the
columns. This is the default output format.
-d If an argument is a directory, lists only its name
(not its contents). Often used with -l to get the
status of a directory.
-e The same as -l, except displays time to the second,
and with one format for all files regardless of
age: mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy.
-E The same as -l, except displays time to the
nanosecond and with one format for all files
regardless of age: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn
(ISO 8601:2000 format).
In addition, this option displays the offset from
UTC in ISO 8601:2000 standard format (+hhmm or
-hhmm) or no characters if the offset is indeter-
minable. The offset reflects the appropriate stan-
dard or alternate offset in force at the file's
displayed date and time, under the current
timezone.
-f Forces each argument to be interpreted as a direc-
tory and list the name found in each slot. This
option turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on
-a. The order is the order in which entries appear
in the directory.
-g The same as -l, except that the owner is not
printed.
-h All sizes are scaled to a human readable format,
for example, 14K, 234M, 2.7G, or 3.0T. Scaling is
done by repetitively dividing by 1024.
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User Commands ls(1)
-H If an argument is a symbolic link that references a
directory, this option evaluates the file informa-
tion and file type of the directory that the link
references, rather than those of the link itself.
However, the name of the link is displayed, rather
than the referenced directory.
-i For each file, prints the i-node number in the
first column of the report.
-l Lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication,
number of links, owner, group, size in bytes, and
time of last modification for each file (see
above). If the file is a special file, the size
field instead contains the major and minor device
numbers. If the time of last modification is
greater than six months ago, it is shown in the
format `month date year' for the POSIX locale. When
the LC_TIME locale category is not set to the POSIX
locale, a different format of the time field can be
used. Files modified within six months show `month
date time'. If the file is a symbolic link, the
filename is printed followed by "->" and the path
name of the referenced file.
-L If an argument is a symbolic link, this option
evaluates the file information and file type of the
file or directory that the link references, rather
than those of the link itself. However, the name of
the link is displayed, rather than the referenced
file or directory.
-m Streams output format. Files are listed across the
page, separated by commas.
-n The same as -l, except that the owner's UID and
group's GID numbers are printed, rather than the
associated character strings.
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User Commands ls(1)
-o The same as -l, except that the group is not
printed.
-p Puts a slash (/) after each filename if the file is
a directory.
-q Forces printing of non-printable characters in file
names as the character question mark (?).
-r Reverses the order of sort to get reverse alpha-
betic or oldest first as appropriate.
-R Recursively lists subdirectories encountered.
-s Indicate the total number of file system blocks
consumed by each file displayed.
-t Sorts by time stamp (latest first) instead of by
name. The default is the last modification time.
(See -u and -c.)
-u Uses time of last access instead of last modifica-
tion for sorting (with the -t option) or printing
(with the -l option).
-v The same as -l, except that verbose ACL information
is displayed as well as the -l output. ACL informa-
tion is displayed even if the file or directory
doesn't have an ACL.
-V The same as -l, except that compact ACL information
is displayed after the -l output.
The -V option is only applicable to file systems
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 7
User Commands ls(1)
that support NFSv4 ACLs, such as the Solaris ZFS
file system.
The format of the displayed ACL is as follows:
entry_type : permissions : inheritance_flags : access_type
entry_type is displayed as one of the following:
user:username
Additional user access for username.
group:groupname
Additional group access for group groupname.
owner@
File owner.
group@
File group owner.
everyone@
Everyone access, including file owner and file
group owner. This is not equivalent to the
POSIX other class.
The following permissions, supported by the NFSv4
ACL model, are displayed by using the -v or -V
options:
read_data (r) Permission to read the data
of a file.
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User Commands ls(1)
list_directory (r) Permission to list the con-
tents of a directory.
write_data (w) Permission to modify a
file's data. anywhere in
the file's offset range.
add_file (w) Permission to add a new
file to a directory.
append_data (p) The ability to modify a
file's data, but only
starting at EOF.
add_subdirectory (p) Permission to create a sub-
directory to a directory.
read_xattr (R) Ability to read the
extended attributes of a
file.
write_xattr (A) Ability to create extended
attributes or write to the
extended attribute direc-
tory.
execute (x) Permission to execute a
file.
read_attributes (a) The ability to read basic
attributes (non-ACLs) of a
file.
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User Commands ls(1)
write_attributes (W) Permission to change the
times associated with a
file or directory to an
arbitrary value.
delete (d) Permission to delete a
file.
delete_child (D) Permission to delete a file
within a directory.
read_acl (r) Permission to read the ACL
of a file.
write_acl (C) Permission to write the ACL
of a file.
write_owner (o) Permission to change the
owner of a file.
synchronize (s) Permission to access file
locally at server with syn-
chronize reads and writes.
- No permission granted
The following inheritance flags, supported by the
NFSv4 ACL model, are displayed by using the -v or
-V options:
file_inherit (f) Inherit to all newly
created files.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 10
User Commands ls(1)
dir_inherit (d) Inherit to all newly
created directories.
inherit_only (i) When placed on a directory,
do not apply to the direc-
tory, only to newly created
files and directories. This
flag requires that either
file_inherit and or
dir_inherit is also speci-
fied.
no_propagate (n) Indicates that ACL entries
should be inherited to
objects in a directory, but
inheritance should stop
after descending one level.
This flag is dependent upon
either file_inherit and or
dir_inherit also being
specified.
S Successful access.
F Failed access.
- No permission granted.
access_type is displayed as one of the following
types:
allow
Permission field that specifies allow permis-
sions
deny
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 11
User Commands ls(1)
Permission field that specifies deny permis-
sions
For example:
$ ls -dV /sandbox/dir.1
drwxr-xr-x+ 2 root root 2 Jan 17 15:09 dir.1
user:marks:r-------------:fd----:allow
owner@:--------------:------:deny
owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow
$
||||||||||||||:||||||+ failed access
||||||||||||||:|||||+--success access
||||||||||||||:||||+-- no propagate
||||||||||||||:|||+--- inherit only
||||||||||||||:||+---- directory inherit
||||||||||||||:|+----- file inherit
||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||+ sync
|||||||||||||+- change owner
||||||||||||+-- write ACL
|||||||||||+--- read ACL
||||||||||+---- write extended attributes
|||||||||+----- read extended attributes
||||||||+------ write attributes
|||||||+------- read attributes
||||||+-------- delete child
|||||+--------- delete
||||+---------- append
|||+----------- execute
||+------------ write data
|+------------- read data
-x Multi-column output with entries sorted across
rather than down the page.
-1 Prints one entry per line of output.
-@ The same as -l, except that extended attribute
information supersede ACL information. An @ is
displayed after the file permission bits for files
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 12
User Commands ls(1)
that have extended attributes.
/usr/bin/ls
-F Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors
with a trailing greater-than sign (>), executable
files with a trailing asterisk (*), FIFOs with a
trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Follows
symlinks named as operands.
Specifying more than one of the options in the following
mutually exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and
-l (ell), -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell).
The -l (ell) option overrides the other option specified in
each pair.
Specifying more than one of the options in the following
mutually exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and
-1 (one), -H and -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E. The last
option specified in each of these pairs determines the out-
put format.
/usr/xpg4/bin/ls
-F Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors
with a trailing greater-than sign (>), executable
files with a trailing asterisk (*), FIFOs with a
trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Follows
symlinks named as operands.
Specifying more than one of the options in the following
mutually exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and
-l (ell), -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell),
-C and -1 (one), -H and -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E. The
last option specified in each pair determines the output
format.
/usr/xpg6/bin/ls
-F Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors
with a trailing greater-than sign (>), executable
files with a trailing asterisk (*), FIFOs with a
trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Does not
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 13
User Commands ls(1)
follow symlinks named as operands unless the -H or
-L option is specified.
Specifying more than one of the options in the following
mutually exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and
-l (ell), -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell),
-C and -1 (one), -H and -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E. The
last option specified in each pair determines the output
format.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
file A path name of a file to be written. If the file
specified is not found, a diagnostic message is
output on standard error.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ls
when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2
**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Viewing File Permissions
The following example shows how to display detailed informa-
tion about a file.
% ls -l file.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
The permissions string above (-rw-r--r--) describes that the
file owner has read and write permissions, the owning group
has read permisisons, and others have read permissions.
The following example shows how to display detailed informa-
tion about a directory.
% ls -ld test.dir
drwxr-xr-x 2 gozer staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
The permissions string above (drwxr-xr-x) describes that the
directory owner has read, write, and execute permissions,
the owning group has read and execute permissions, and oth-
ers have read and execute permissions.
Another example of listing file permissions is as follows:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 14
User Commands ls(1)
% ls -l file.2
-rw-rwl--- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:47 file.2
The permissions string above (-rw-rwl---) describes that the
file owner has read and write permissions, the owning group
has read and write permissions, and the file can be locked
during access.
Example 2: Displaying ACL Information on Files and Direc-
tories
The following example shows how to display verbose ACL
information on a ZFS file.
% ls -v file.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 marks staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
0:owner@:execute:deny
1:owner@:read_data/write_data/append_data/write_xattr/write_attributes
/write_acl/write_owner:allow
2:group@:write_data/append_data/execute:deny
3:group@:read_data:allow
4:everyone@:write_data/append_data/write_xattr/execute/write_attributes
/write_acl/write_owner:deny
5:everyone@:read_data/read_xattr/read_attributes/read_acl/synchronize
:allow
The following example shows how to display compact ACL
information on a ZFS directory.
% ls -dV test.dir
drwxr-xr-x 2 marks staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
owner@:--------------:------:deny
owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow
The following example illustrates the ls -v behavior when
listing ACL information on a UFS file.
$ ls -v file.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2703 Mar 14 10:59 file.3
0:user::rw-
1:group::r-- #effective:r--
2:mask:r--
3:other:r--
Example 3: Printing the Names of All Files
This command prints the names of all files in the current
directory, including those that begin with a dot (.), which
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 15
User Commands ls(1)
normally do not print:
example% ls -a
Example 4: Providing File Information
Another example of a command line is:
example% ls -aisn
This command provides information on all files, including
those that begin with a dot (a), the i-number-the memory
address of the i-node associated with the file-printed in
the left-hand column (i); the size (in blocks) of the files,
printed in the column to the right of the i-numbers (s);
finally, the report is displayed in the numeric version of
the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name) and
GID (instead of group name) numbers associated with the
files.
When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a
total count of blocks, including indirect blocks, is
printed.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of ls: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and TZ.
COLUMNS Determines the user's preferred column posi-
tion width for writing multiple text-column
output. If this variable contains a string
representing a decimal integer, the ls util-
ity calculates how many path name text
columns to write (see -C) based on the width
provided. If COLUMNS is not set or is
invalid, 80 is used. The column width chosen
to write the names of files in any given
directory is constant. File names are not be
truncated to fit into the multiple text-
column output.
EXIT STATUS
0 All information was written successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 16
User Commands ls(1)
FILES
/etc/group group IDs for ls -l and ls
-g
/etc/passwd user IDs for ls -l and ls -o
/usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/* terminal information data-
base
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/ls
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Stable |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/ls
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg6/bin/ls
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 17
User Commands ls(1)
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu6 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
chmod(1), cp(1), setfacl(1), terminfo(4), attributes(5),
environ(5), fsattr(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
NOTES
Unprintable characters in file names can confuse the colum-
nar output options.
The total block count is incorrect if there are hard links
among the files.
The sort order of ls output is affected by the locale and
can be overridden by the LC_COLLATE environment variable.
For example, if LC_COLLATE equals C, dot files appear first,
followed by names beginning with upper-case letters, then
followed by names beginning with lower-case letters. But if
LC_COLLATE equals en_US.ISO8859-1, then leading dots as well
as case are ignored in determining the sort order.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 15 Mar 2006 18
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