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User Commands tr(1)
NAME
tr - translate characters
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/tr [-cs] string1 string2
/usr/bin/tr -s | -d [-c] string1
/usr/bin/tr -ds [-c] string1 string2
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr [-cs] string1 string2
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr -s | -d [-c] string1
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr -ds [-c] string1 string2
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr [-c | -C] [-s] string1 string2
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -s [-c | -C] string1
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -d [-c | -C] string1
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -ds [-c | -C] string1 string2
DESCRIPTION
The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard
output with substitution or deletion of selected characters.
The options specified and the string1 and string2 operands
control translations that occur while copying characters and
single-character collating elements.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-c Complements the set of values specified by string1.
-C Complements the set of characters specified by
string1.
-d Deletes all occurrences of input characters that
are specified by string1.
-s Replaces instances of repeated characters with a
single character.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 1
User Commands tr(1)
When the -d option is not specified:
o Each input character found in the array specified by
string1 is replaced by the character in the same rela-
tive position in the array specified by string2. When
the array specified by string2 is shorter than the one
specified by string1, the results are unspecified.
o If the -c option is specified, the complements of the
values specified by string1 are placed in the array in
ascending order by binary value.
o If the -C option is specified, the complements of the
characters specified by string1 (the set of all charac-
ters in the current character set, as defined by the
current setting of LC_CTYPE, except for those actually
specified in the string1 operand) are placed in the
array in ascending collation sequence, as defined by
the current setting of LC_COLLATE.
o Because the order in which characters specified by
character class expressions or equivalence class
expressions is undefined, such expressions should only
be used if the intent is to map several characters into
one. An exception is case conversion, as described pre-
viously.
When the -d option is specified:
o Input characters found in the array specified by
string1 are deleted.
o When the -C option is specified with -d, all values
except those specified by string1 are deleted. The con-
tents of string2 are ignored, unless the -s option is
also specified.
o If the -c option is specified, the complements of the
values specified by string1 are placed in the array in
ascending order by binary value.
o The same string cannot be used for both the -d and the
-s option. When both options are specified, both
string1 (used for deletion) and string2 (used for
squeezing) are required.
When the -s option is specified, after any deletions or
translations have taken place, repeated sequences of the
same character will be replaced by one occurrence of the
same character, if the character is found in the array
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 2
User Commands tr(1)
specified by the last operand. If the last operand contains
a character class, such as the following example:
tr -s '[:space:]'
the last operand's array will contain all of the characters
in that character class. However, in a case conversion, as
described previously, such as
tr -s '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
the last operand's array will contain only those characters
defined as the second characters in each of the toupper or
tolower character pairs, as appropriate. (See toupper(3C)
and tolower(3C)).
An empty string used for string1 or string2 produces unde-
fined results.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
string1 Translation control strings. Each string
string2 represents a set of characters to be con-
verted into an array of characters used for
the translation.
The operands string1 and string2 (if specified) define two
arrays of characters. The constructs in the following list
can be used to specify characters or single-character col-
lating elements. If any of the constructs result in multi-
character collating elements, tr excludes, without a diag-
nostic, those multi-character elements from the resulting
array.
character Any character not described by one of the
conventions below represents itself.
\ octal Octal sequences can be used to represent
characters with specific coded values. An
octal sequence consists of a backslash fol-
lowed by the longest sequence of one-, two-,
or three-octal-digit characters (01234567).
The sequence causes the character whose
encoding is represented by the one-, two- or
three-digit octal integer to be placed into
the array. Multi-byte characters require
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 3
User Commands tr(1)
multiple, concatenated escape sequences of
this type, including the leading \ for each
byte.
\character The backslash-escape sequences \a, \b, \f,
\n, \r, \t, and \v are supported. The
results of using any other character, other
than an octal digit, following the backslash
are unspecified.
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr
c-c
/usr/bin/tr
[c-c] Represents the range of collating elements
between the range endpoints, inclusive, as
defined by the current setting of the
LC_COLLATE locale category. The starting
endpoint must precede the second endpoint in
the current collation order. The characters
or collating elements in the range are
placed in the array in ascending collation
sequence.
[:class:] Represents all characters belonging to the
defined character class, as defined by the
current setting of the LC_CTYPE locale
category. The following character class
names are accepted when specified in
string1:
alnum blank digit lower punct upper
alpha cntrl graph print space xdigit
In addition, character class expressions of
the form [:name:] are recognized in those
locales where the name keyword has been
given a charclass definition in the LC_CTYPE
category.
Note: /usr/bin/tr supports character class
expressions only in singlebyte locales. Use
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr to support these
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 4
User Commands tr(1)
expressions in any locale.
When both the -d and -s options are speci-
fied, any of the character class names are
accepted in string2. Otherwise, only charac-
ter class names lower or upper are valid in
string2 and then only if the corresponding
character class upper and lower, respec-
tively, is specified in the same relative
position in string1. Such a specification
is interpreted as a request for case conver-
sion. When [:lower:] appears in string1 and
[:upper:] appears in string2, the arrays
contain the characters from the toupper map-
ping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current
locale. When [:upper:] appears in string1
and [:lower:] appears in string2, the arrays
contain the characters from the tolower map-
ping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current
locale. The first character from each map-
ping pair is in the array for string1 and
the is in the array for string2 in the same
relative position.
Except for case conversion, the characters
specified by a character class expression
are placed in the array in an unspecified
order.
If the name specified for class does not
define a valid character class in the
current locale, the behavior is undefined.
[=equiv=] Represents all characters or collating ele-
ments belonging to the same equivalence
class as equiv, as defined by the current
setting of the LC_COLLATE locale category.
An equivalence class expression is allowed
only in string1, or in string2 when it is
being used by the combined -d and -s
options. The characters belonging to the
equivalence class are placed in the array in
an unspecified order.
[x*n] Represents n repeated occurrences of the
character x. Because this expression is used
to map multiple characters to one, it is
only valid when it occurs in string2. If n
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 5
User Commands tr(1)
is omitted or is 0, it is interpreted as
large enough to extend the string2-based
sequence to the length of the string1-based
sequence. If n has a leading 0, it is inter-
preted as an octal value. Otherwise, it is
interpreted as a decimal value.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of tr
when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2
**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Creating a list of words
The following example creates a list of all words in file1,
one per line in file2, where a word is taken to be a maximal
string of letters.
tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "[\n*]" <file1 >file2
Example 2: Translating characters
This example translates all lower-case characters in file1
to upper-case and writes the results to standard output.
tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" <file1
Notice that the caveat expressed in the corresponding exam-
ple in XPG3 is no longer in effect. This case conversion is
now a special case that employs the tolower and toupper
classifications, ensuring that proper mapping is accom-
plished (when the locale is correctly defined).
Example 3: Identifying equivalent characters
This example uses an equivalence class to identify accented
variants of the base character e in file1, which are
stripped of diacritical marks and written to file2.
tr "[=e=]" e <file1 >file2
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of tr: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 6
User Commands tr(1)
0 All input was processed successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/tr
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Not enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu6 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
ed(1), sed(1), sh(1), tolower(3C), toupper(3C), ascii(5),
attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
NOTES
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 7
User Commands tr(1)
Unlike some previous versions, /usr/xpg4/bin/tr correctly
processes NUL characters in its input stream. NUL characters
can be stripped by using tr -d '\000'.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 2003 8
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This page was generated on Wed Sep 12 11:25:34 GMT 2007
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