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User Commands vi(1)
NAME
vi, view, vedit - screen-oriented (visual) display editor
based on ex
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/vi [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]] [-S]
[-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command]
filename...
/usr/bin/view [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]] [-S]
[-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command]
filename...
/usr/bin/vedit [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]] [-S]
[-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command | -c command]
filename...
/usr/xpg4/bin/vi [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
/usr/xpg4/bin/view [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
/usr/xpg4/bin/vedit [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
/usr/xpg6/bin/vi [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
/usr/xpg6/bin/view [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
/usr/xpg6/bin/vedit [ -| -s] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [filename]]
[-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V] [-x] [-wn] [-C] [+command |
-c command] filename...
DESCRIPTION
The vi (visual) utility is a display-oriented text editor
based on an underlying line editor ex. It is possible to use
the command mode of ex from within vi and to use the command
mode of vi from within ex. The visual commands are described
on this manual page; how to set options (like automatically
numbering lines and automatically starting a new output line
when you type carriage return) and all ex line editor com-
mands are described on the ex(1) manual page.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 1
User Commands vi(1)
When using vi, changes you make to the file are reflected in
what you see on your terminal screen. The position of the
cursor on the screen indicates the position within the file.
The view invocation is the same as vi except that the
readonly flag is set.
The vedit invocation is intended for beginners. It is the
same as vi except that the report flag is set to 1, the
showmode and novice flags are set, and magic is turned off.
These defaults make it easier to learn how to use vi.
OPTIONS
The following options are supporrted:
Invocation Options
The following invocation options are interpreted by vi (pre-
viously documented options are discussed under NOTES):
- | -s Suppresses all interactive user
feedback. This is useful when pro-
cessing editor scripts.
-C Encryption option. Same as the -x
option, except that vi simulates the
C command of ex. The C command is
like the X command of ex, except
that all text read in is assumed to
have been encrypted.
-l Sets up for editing LISP programs.
-L Lists the name of all files saved as
the result of an editor or system
crash.
-r filename Edits filename after an editor or
system crash. (Recovers the version
of filename that was in the buffer
when the crash occurred.)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 2
User Commands vi(1)
-R Readonly mode. The readonly flag is
set, preventing accidental overwrit-
ing of the file.
-S This option is used in conjunction
with the -t tag option to tell vi
that the tags file can not be sorted
and that, if the binary search
(which relies on a sorted tags file)
for tag fails to find it, the much
slower linear search should also be
done. Since the linear search is
slow, users of large tags files
should ensure that the tags files
are sorted rather than use this
flag. Creation of tags files nor-
mally produces sorted tags files.
See ctags(1) for more information on
tags files.
-t tag Edits the file containing tag and
position the editor at its defini-
tion. It is an error to specify more
than one -t option.
-v Starts up in display editing state,
using vi. You can achieve the same
effect by typing the vi command
itself.
-V Verbose. When ex commands are read
by means of standard input, the
input is echoed to standard error.
This can be useful when processing
ex commands within shell scripts.
-wn Sets the default window size to n.
This is useful when using the editor
over a slow speed line.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 3
User Commands vi(1)
-x Encryption option. When used, vi
simulates the X command of ex and
prompts the user for a key. This key
is used to encrypt and decrypt text
using the algorithm of the crypt
command. The X command makes an edu-
cated guess to determine whether
text read in is encrypted or not.
The temporary buffer file is
encrypted also, using a transformed
version of the key typed in for the
-x option. If an empty encryption
key is entered (that is, if the
return key is pressed right after
the prompt), the file is not
encrypted. This is a good way to
decrypt a file erroneously encrypted
with a mistyped encryption key, such
as a backspace or undo key.
+command | -c command Begins editing by executing the
specified editor command (usually a
search or positioning command).
/usr/xpg4/bin/vi and /usr/xpg6/bin/vi
If both the -t tag and the -c command options are given, the
-t tag optionis processed first. That is, the file contain-
ing tag is selected by -t and then the command is executed.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
filename A file to be edited.
COMMAND SUMMARY
The vi command modes are summarized in this section.
vi Modes
Command Normal and initial mode. Other modes return
to command mode upon completion. ESC
(escape) is used to cancel a partial com-
mand.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 4
User Commands vi(1)
Input Entered by setting any of the following
options:
a A i I o O c C s S R
Arbitrary text can then be entered. Input
mode is normally terminated with the ESC
character, or, abnormally, with an inter-
rupt.
Last line Reading input for : / ? or !. Terminate by
typing a carriage return. An interrupt can-
cels termination.
Sample Commands
In the descriptions, CR stands for carriage return and ESC
stands for the escape key.
<-, -> arrow keys move the cursor
down-arrow
up-arrow
h j k l same as arrow keys
itextESC insert text
cwnewESC change word to new
easESC pluralize word (end of word; append s;
escape from input state)
x delete a character
dw delete a word
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 5
User Commands vi(1)
dd delete a line
3dd delete 3 lines
u undo previous change
ZZ exit vi, saving changes
:q!CR quit, discarding changes
/textCR search for text
^U ^D scroll up or down
:cmdCR any ex or ed command
Counts Before vi Commands
Numbers can be typed as a prefix to some commands. They are
interpreted in one of these ways:
line/column number z G |
scroll amount ^D ^U
repeat effect most of the rest
Interrupting, Canceling
ESC end insert or incomplete command
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 6
User Commands vi(1)
DEL (delete or rubout) interrupts
File Manipulation
ZZ if file modified, write and exit; otherwise,
exit
:wCR write back changes
:w!CR forced write, if permission originally not
valid
:qCR quit
:q!CR quit, discard changes
:e nameCR edit file name
:e!CR reedit, discard changes
:e + nameCR edit, starting at end
:e +nCR edit, starting at line n
:e #CR edit alternate file
:e! #CR edit alternate file, discard changes
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 7
User Commands vi(1)
:w nameCR write file name
:w! nameCR overwrite file name
:shCR run shell, then return
:!cmdCR run cmd, then return
:nCR edit next file in arglist
:n argsCR specify new arglist
^G show current file and line
:ta tagCR position cursor to tag
In general, any ex or ed command (such as substitute or glo-
bal) can be typed, preceded by a colon and followed by a
carriage return.
Positioning Within a File
F forward screen
^B backward screen
^D scroll down half screen
^U scroll up half screen
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 8
User Commands vi(1)
nG go to the beginning of the specified line
(end default), where n is a line number
/pat next line matching pat
?pat previous line matching pat
n repeat last / or ? command
N reverse last / or ? command
/pat/+n nth line after pat
?pat?-n nth line before pat
]] next section/function
[[ previous section/function
( beginning of sentence
) end of sentence
{ beginning of paragraph
} end of paragraph
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 9
User Commands vi(1)
% find matching ( ) or { }
Adjusting the Screen
^L clear and redraw window
^R clear and redraw window if ^L is -> key
zCR redraw screen with current line at top of
window
z-CR redraw screen with current line at bottom of
window
z.CR redraw screen with current line at center of
window
/pat/z-CR move pat line to bottom of window
zn.CR use n-line window
^E scroll window down one line
^Y scroll window up one line
Marking and Returning
`` move cursor to previous context
'' move cursor to first non-white space in line
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 10
User Commands vi(1)
mx mark current position with the ASCII lower-
case letter x
`x move cursor to mark x
'x move cursor to first non-white space in line
marked by x
Line Positioning
H top line on screen
L last line on screen
M middle line on screen
+ next line, at first non-white space charac-
ter
- previous line, at first non-white space
character
CR return, same as +
down-arrow next line, same column
or j
up-arrow previous line, same column
or k
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 11
User Commands vi(1)
Character Positioning
^ first non-white space character
0 beginning of line
$ end of line
l or -> forward
h or <- backward
^H same as <- (backspace)
space same as -> (space bar)
fx find next x
Fx find previous x
tx move to character following the next x
Tx move to character following the previous x
; repeat last f, F, t, or T
, repeat inverse of last f, F, t, or T
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 12
User Commands vi(1)
n| move to column n
% find matching ( ) or { }
Words, Sentences, Paragraphs
w forward a word
b back a word
e end of word
) to next sentence
} to next paragraph
( back a sentence
{ back a paragraph
W forward a blank-delimited word
B back a blank-delimited word
E end of a blank-delimited word
Corrections During Insert
^H erase last character (backspace)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 13
User Commands vi(1)
^W erase last word
erase your erase character, same as ^H (backspace)
kill your kill character, erase this line of
input
\ quotes your erase and kill characters
ESC ends insertion, back to command mode
Control-C interrupt, suspends insert mode
^D backtab one character; reset left margin of
autoindent
^^D caret (^) followed by control-d (^D); back-
tab to beginning of line; do not reset left
margin of autoindent
0^D backtab to beginning of line; reset left
margin of autoindent
^V quote non-printable character
Insert and Replace
a append after cursor
A append at end of line
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 14
User Commands vi(1)
i insert before cursor
I insert before first non-blank
o open line below
O open line above
rx replace single character with x
RtextESC replace characters
Operators
Operators are followed by a cursor motion and affect all
text that would have been moved over. For example, since w
moves over a word, dw deletes the word that would be moved
over. Double the operator, for example dd, to affect whole
lines.
d delete
c change
y yank lines to buffer
< left shift
> right shift
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 15
User Commands vi(1)
! filter through command
Miscellaneous Operations
C change rest of line (c$)
D delete rest of line (d$)
s substitute characters (cl)
S substitute lines (cc)
J join lines
x delete characters (dl)
X delete characters before cursor dh)
Y yank lines (yy)
Yank and Put
Put inserts the text most recently deleted or yanked; how-
ever, if a buffer is named (using the ASCII lower-case
letters a - z), the text in that buffer is put instead.
3yy yank 3 lines
3yl yank 3 characters
p put back text after cursor
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 16
User Commands vi(1)
P put back text before cursor
"xp put from buffer x
"xy yank to buffer x
"xd delete into buffer x
Undo, Redo, Retrieve
u undo last change
U restore current line
. repeat last change
"dp retrieve d'th last delete
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of vi
and view when encountering files greater than or equal to 2
Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of vi: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, PATH,
SHELL, and TERM.
COLUMNS Override the system-selected horizontal
screen size.
EXINIT Determine a list of ex commands that are
executed on editor start-up, before reading
the first file. The list can contain
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 17
User Commands vi(1)
multiple commands by separating them using a
vertical-line (|) character.
LINES Override the system-selected vertical screen
size, used as the number of lines in a
screenful and the vertical screen size in
visual mode.
FILES
/var/tmp default directory where tem-
porary work files are
placed; it can be changed
using the directory option
(see the ex(1) command)
/usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/* compiled terminal descrip-
tion database
/usr/lib/.COREterm/?/* subset of compiled terminal
description database
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/vi, /usr/bin/view, /usr/bin/vedit
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Not enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/vi, /usr/xpg4/bin/view, /usr/xpg4/bin/vedit
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 18
User Commands vi(1)
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg6/bin/vi, /usr/xpg6/bin/view, /usr/xpg6/bin/vedit
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu6 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
intro(1), ctags(1), ed(1), edit(1), ex(1), attributes(5),
environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
Solaris Advanced User's Guide
AUTHOR
vi and ex were developed by The University of California,
Berkeley California, Computer Science Division, Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
NOTES
Two options, although they continue to be supported, have
been replaced in the documentation by options that follow
the Command Syntax Standard (see intro(1)). An -r option
that is not followed with an option-argument has been
replaced by -L and +command has been replaced by -c command.
The message file too large to recover with -r option, which
is seen when a file is loaded, indicates that the file can
be edited and saved successfully, but if the editing session
is lost, recovery of the file with the -r option is not pos-
sible.
The editing environment defaults to certain configuration
options. When an editing session is initiated, vi attempts
to read the EXINIT environment variable. If it exists, the
editor uses the values defined in EXINIT; otherwise the
values set in $HOME/.exrc are used. If $HOME/.exrc does not
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 19
User Commands vi(1)
exist, the default values are used.
To use a copy of .exrc located in the current directory
other than $HOME, set the exrc option in EXINIT or
$HOME/.exrc. Options set in EXINIT can be turned off in a
local .exrc only if exrc is set in EXINIT or $HOME/.exrc. In
order to be used, .exrc in $HOME or the current directory
must fulfill these conditions:
o It must exist.
o It must be owned by the same userid as the real userid
of the process, or the process has appropriate
privileges.
o It is not writable by anyone other than the owner.
Tampering with entries in /usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/* or
/usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/* (for example, changing or remov-
ing an entry) can affect programs such as vi that expect the
entry to be present and correct. In particular, removing the
"dumb" terminal can cause unexpected problems.
Software tabs using ^T work only immediately after the
autoindent.
Left and right shifts on intelligent terminals do not make
use of insert and delete character operations in the termi-
nal.
Loading an alternate malloc() library using the environment
variable LD_PRELOAD can cause problems for /usr/bin/vi.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Jun 2004 20
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