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Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
NAME
threads, pthreads - POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads con-
cepts
SYNOPSIS
POSIX
cc -mt [ flag... ] file... -lpthread [ -lrt library... ]
#include <pthread.h>
Solaris
cc -mt [ flag... ] file... [ library... ]
#include <sched.h>
#include <thread.h>
DESCRIPTION
POSIX and Solaris threads each have their own implementation
of the threads library. The libpthread library is associ-
ated with POSIX; the libthread library is associated with
Solaris. Both implementations are interoperable, their func-
tionality similar, and can be used within the same applica-
tion. Only POSIX threads are guaranteed to be fully portable
to other POSIX-compliant environments. POSIX and Solaris
threads require different source, include files and linking
libraries. See SYNOPSIS.
Similarities
Most of the functions in the libpthread and libthread,
libraries have a counterpart in the other corresponding
library. POSIX function names, with the exception of the
semaphore names, have a "pthread" prefix. Function names for
similar POSIX and Solaris have similar endings. Typically,
similar POSIX and Solaris functions have the same number and
use of arguments.
Differences
POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads differ in the following
ways:
o POSIX threads are more portable.
o POSIX threads establish characteristics for each
thread according to configurable attribute objects.
o POSIX pthreads implement thread cancellation.
o POSIX pthreads enforce scheduling algorithms.
o POSIX pthreads allow for clean-up handlers for fork(2)
calls.
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Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
o Solaris threads can be suspended and continued.
o Solaris threads implement interprocess robust mutex
locks.
o Solaris threads implement daemon threads, for whose
demise the process does not wait.
Function Comparison
The following table compares the POSIX pthreads and Solaris
threads functions. When a comparable interface is not avail-
able either in POSIX pthreads or Solaris threads, a hyphen
(-) appears in the column.
Functions Related to Creation
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_create() thr_create()
pthread_attr_init() -
pthread_attr_setdetachstate() -
pthread_attr_getdetachstate() -
pthread_attr_setinheritsched() -
pthread_attr_getinheritsched() -
pthread_attr_setschedparam() -
pthread_attr_getschedparam() -
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy() -
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy() -
pthread_attr_setscope() -
pthread_attr_getscope() -
pthread_attr_setstackaddr() -
pthread_attr_getstackaddr() -
pthread_attr_setstacksize() -
pthread_attr_getstacksize() -
pthread_attr_getguardsize() -
pthread_attr_setguardsize() -
pthread_attr_destroy() -
- thr_min_stack()
Functions Related to Exit
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_exit() thr_exit()
pthread_join() thr_join()
pthread_detach() -
Functions Related to Thread Specific Data
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_key_create() thr_keycreate()
pthread_setspecific() thr_setspecific()
pthread_getspecific() thr_getspecific()
pthread_key_delete() -
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Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
Functions Related to Signals
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_sigmask() thr_sigsetmask()
pthread_kill() thr_kill()
Functions Related to IDs
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_self() thr_self()
pthread_equal() -
- thr_main()
Functions Related to Scheduling
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
- thr_yield()
- thr_suspend()
- thr_continue()
pthread_setconcurrency() thr_setconcurrency()
pthread_getconcurrency() thr_getconcurrency()
pthread_setschedparam() thr_setprio()
pthread_getschedparam() thr_getprio()
Functions Related to Cancellation
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_cancel() -
pthread_setcancelstate() -
pthread_setcanceltype() -
pthread_testcancel() -
pthread_cleanup_pop() -
pthread_cleanup_push() -
Functions Related to Mutexes
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_mutex_init() mutex_init()
pthread_mutexattr_init() -
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared() -
pthread_mutexattr_getpshared() -
pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol() -
pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol() -
pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling() -
pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling() -
pthread_mutexattr_settype() -
pthread_mutexattr_gettype() -
pthread_mutexattr_destroy() -
pthread_mutex_setprioceiling() -
pthread_mutex_getprioceiling() -
pthread_mutex_lock() mutex_lock()
pthread_mutex_trylock() mutex_trylock()
pthread_mutex_unlock() mutex_unlock()
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Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
pthread_mutex_destroy() mutex_destroy()
Functions Related to Condition Variables
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_cond_init() cond_init()
pthread_condattr_init() -
pthread_condattr_setpshared() -
pthread_condattr_getpshared() -
pthread_condattr_destroy() -
pthread_cond_wait() cond_wait()
pthread_cond_timedwait() cond_timedwait()
pthread_cond_signal() cond_signal()
pthread_cond_broadcast() cond_broadcast()
pthread_cond_destroy() cond_destroy()
Functions Related to Reader/Writer Locking
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_rwlock_init() rwlock_init()
pthread_rwlock_rdlock() rw_rdlock()
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock() rw_tryrdlock()
pthread_rwlock_wrlock() rw_wrlock()
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock() rw_trywrlock()
pthread_rwlock_unlock() rw_unlock()
pthread_rwlock_destroy() rwlock_destroy()
pthread_rwlockattr_init() -
pthread_rwlockattr_destroy() -
pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared() -
pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared() -
Functions Related to Semaphores
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
sem_init() sema_init()
sem_open() -
sem_close() -
sem_wait() sema_wait()
sem_trywait() sema_trywait()
sem_post() sema_post()
sem_getvalue() -
sem_unlink() -
sem_destroy() sema_destroy()
Functions Related to fork() Clean Up
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
pthread_atfork() -
Functions Related to Limits
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Aug 2006 4
Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
pthread_once() -
Functions Related to Debugging
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread)
- thr_stksegment()
LOCKING
Synchronization
POSIX (libpthread) Solaris (libthread) Multi-
threaded behavior is asynchronous, and therefore, optimized
for concurrent and parallel processing. As threads, always
from within the same process and sometimes from multiple
processes, share global data with each other, they are not
guaranteed exclusive access to the shared data at any point
in time. Securing mutually exclusive access to shared data
requires synchronization among the threads. Both POSIX and
Solaris implement four synchronization mechanisms: mutexes,
condition variables, reader/writer locking (optimized
frequent-read occasional-write mutex), and semaphores.
Synchronizing multiple threads diminishes their concurrency.
The coarser the grain of synchronization, that is, the
larger the block of code that is locked, the lesser the con-
currency.
MT fork()
If a POSIX threads program calls fork(2), it implicitly
calls fork1(2), which replicates only the calling thread.
Should there be any outstanding mutexes throughout the pro-
cess, the application should call pthread_atfork(3C) to wait
for and acquire those mutexes prior to calling fork().
SCHEDULING
POSIX
Scheduling allocation size per thread is greater than one.
POSIX supports the following three scheduling policies:
SCHED_OTHER Timesharing (TS) scheduling policy. It is
based on the timesharing scheduling class.
SCHED_FIFO First-In-First-Out (FIFO) scheduling policy.
Threads scheduled to this policy, if not
pre-empted by a higher priority, will
proceed until completion. Threads whose con-
tention scope is system
(PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM) are in real-time (RT)
scheduling class. The calling process must
have a effective user ID of 0. SCHED_FIFO
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Aug 2006 5
Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
for threads whose contention scope's process
(PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS) is based on the TS
scheduling class.
SCHED_RR Round-Robin scheduling policy. Threads
scheduled to this policy, if not pre-empted
by a higher priority, will execute for a
time period determined by the system.
Threads whose contention scope is system
(PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM) are in real-time (RT)
scheduling class and the calling process
must have a effective user ID of 0. SCHED_RR
for threads whose contention scope is pro-
cess (PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS) is based on the
TS scheduling class.
Solaris
Only scheduling policy supported is SCHED_OTHER, which is
timesharing, based on the TS scheduling class.
ERRORS
In a multi-threaded application linked with libpthread or
libthread, EINTR may be returned whenever another thread
calls fork(2), which calls fork1(2) instead.
USAGE
-mt compiler option
The -mt compiler option compiles and links for multithreaded
code. It compiles source files with -D_REENTRANT and aug-
ments the set of support libraries to include -lthread in
the required order.
To ensure proper library linking order, use this option
rather than -lthread to link with libthread.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| MT-Level | MT-Safe, Fork 1-Safe |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Aug 2006 6
Standards, Environments, and Macros threads(5)
crle(1), fork(2), libpthread(3LIB), librt(3LIB),
libthread(3LIB), pthread_atfork(3C), pthread_create(3C),
attributes(5), standards(5)
Linker and Libraries Guide
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 11 Aug 2006 7
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This page was generated on Wed Sep 12 11:28:01 GMT 2007
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